Practice Prediction Causal Inference Basics MCQ questions with detailed explanations and clear answer validation. These MCQs help you revise core concepts, compare close options, and improve accuracy for interviews, certification exams, and technical screening rounds. Use this updated 2026 set to strengthen fundamentals and confidence.
Here, Directed acyclic graphs encoding causal assumptions. is the right choice. Help reason about adjustment. It aligns directly with what the question asks about which statement about dags is most accurate. Competing choices sound plausible, but they miss the key condition.
In this case, Directed acyclic graphs encoding causal assumptions. is correct. Help reason about adjustment. It aligns directly with what the question asks about how is dags best characterized. Competing choices sound plausible, but they miss the key condition.
Q53. Which option best describes backdoor criterion?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Adjust for variables blocking backdoor paths.
The best option here is Adjust for variables blocking backdoor paths.. Tells what to control for. It aligns directly with what the question asks about which option best describes backdoor criterion. Competing choices sound plausible, but they miss the key condition.
Q54. What is the primary purpose of backdoor criterion?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Adjust for variables blocking backdoor paths.
For this question, Adjust for variables blocking backdoor paths. is correct. Tells what to control for. It aligns directly with what the question asks about what is the primary purpose of backdoor criterion. Competing choices sound plausible, but they miss the key condition.
Q55. Which statement about backdoor criterion is most accurate?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Adjust for variables blocking backdoor paths.
Adjust for variables blocking backdoor paths. is the correct answer here. Tells what to control for. It aligns directly with what the question asks about which statement about backdoor criterion is most accurate. Competing choices sound plausible, but they miss the key condition.
Q56. How is backdoor criterion best characterized?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Adjust for variables blocking backdoor paths.
Here, Adjust for variables blocking backdoor paths. is the right choice. Tells what to control for. This matches the core idea being tested around how is backdoor criterion best characterized. Competing choices sound plausible, but they miss the key condition.
Q57. Which option best describes propensity score?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Probability of treatment given covariates.
In this case, Probability of treatment given covariates. is correct. Used for matching/weighting. This matches the core idea being tested around which option best describes propensity score. Competing choices sound plausible, but they miss the key condition.
Q58. What is the primary purpose of propensity score?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Probability of treatment given covariates.
The best option here is Probability of treatment given covariates.. Used for matching/weighting. This matches the core idea being tested around what is the primary purpose of propensity score. Competing choices sound plausible, but they miss the key condition.
Q59. Which statement about propensity score is most accurate?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Probability of treatment given covariates.
For this question, Probability of treatment given covariates. is correct. Used for matching/weighting. This matches the core idea being tested around which statement about propensity score is most accurate. Competing choices sound plausible, but they miss the key condition.
Q60. How is propensity score best characterized?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Probability of treatment given covariates.
Probability of treatment given covariates. is the correct answer here. Used for matching/weighting. This matches the core idea being tested around how is propensity score best characterized. Competing choices sound plausible, but they miss the key condition.
Q61. Which option best describes matching?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Pair treated with similar untreated units.
Here, Pair treated with similar untreated units. is the right choice. Variants: nearest, caliper, exact. That is exactly the concept behind which option best describes matching in this context. Competing choices sound plausible, but they miss the key condition.
Q62. What is the primary purpose of matching?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Pair treated with similar untreated units.
In this case, Pair treated with similar untreated units. is correct. Variants: nearest, caliper, exact. That is exactly the concept behind what is the primary purpose of matching in this context. Competing choices sound plausible, but they miss the key condition.
Q63. Which statement about matching is most accurate?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Pair treated with similar untreated units.
The best option here is Pair treated with similar untreated units.. Variants: nearest, caliper, exact. That is exactly the concept behind which statement about matching is most accurate in this context. Competing choices sound plausible, but they miss the key condition.
Q64. How is matching best characterized?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Pair treated with similar untreated units.
For this question, Pair treated with similar untreated units. is correct. Variants: nearest, caliper, exact. That is exactly the concept behind how is matching best characterized in this context. Competing choices sound plausible, but they miss the key condition.
Q65. Which option best describes inverse propensity weighting?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Reweight units by 1/p(treatment).
Reweight units by 1/p(treatment). is the correct answer here. Care with extreme weights. That is exactly the concept behind which option best describes inverse propensity weighting in this context. Competing choices sound plausible, but they miss the key condition.
Q66. What is the primary purpose of inverse propensity weighting?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Reweight units by 1/p(treatment).
Here, Reweight units by 1/p(treatment). is the right choice. Care with extreme weights. It fits the requirement in the prompt about what is the primary purpose of inverse propensity. Competing choices sound plausible, but they miss the key condition.
Q67. Which statement about inverse propensity weighting is most accurate?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Reweight units by 1/p(treatment).
In this case, Reweight units by 1/p(treatment). is correct. Care with extreme weights. It fits the requirement in the prompt about which statement about inverse propensity weighting is most. Competing choices sound plausible, but they miss the key condition.
Q68. How is inverse propensity weighting best characterized?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Reweight units by 1/p(treatment).
The best option here is Reweight units by 1/p(treatment).. Care with extreme weights. It fits the requirement in the prompt about how is inverse propensity weighting best characterized. Competing choices sound plausible, but they miss the key condition.
Q69. Which option best describes regression adjustment?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Control for covariates in outcome model.
For this question, Control for covariates in outcome model. is correct. Common parametric approach. It fits the requirement in the prompt about which option best describes regression adjustment. Competing choices sound plausible, but they miss the key condition.
Q70. What is the primary purpose of regression adjustment?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Control for covariates in outcome model.
Control for covariates in outcome model. is the correct answer here. Common parametric approach. It fits the requirement in the prompt about what is the primary purpose of regression adjustment. Competing choices sound plausible, but they miss the key condition.
Q71. Which statement about regression adjustment is most accurate?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Control for covariates in outcome model.
Here, Control for covariates in outcome model. is the right choice. Common parametric approach. This is the most accurate statement for which statement about regression adjustment is most accurate. Competing choices sound plausible, but they miss the key condition.
Q72. How is regression adjustment best characterized?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Control for covariates in outcome model.
In this case, Control for covariates in outcome model. is correct. Common parametric approach. This is the most accurate statement for how is regression adjustment best characterized. Competing choices sound plausible, but they miss the key condition.
Q73. Which option best describes difference-in-differences?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Compare changes over time across groups.
The best option here is Compare changes over time across groups.. Requires parallel trends. This is the most accurate statement for which option best describes difference-in-differences. Competing choices sound plausible, but they miss the key condition.
Q74. What is the primary purpose of difference-in-differences?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Compare changes over time across groups.
For this question, Compare changes over time across groups. is correct. Requires parallel trends. This is the most accurate statement for what is the primary purpose of difference-in-differences. Competing choices sound plausible, but they miss the key condition.
Q75. Which statement about difference-in-differences is most accurate?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Compare changes over time across groups.
Compare changes over time across groups. is the correct answer here. Requires parallel trends. This is the most accurate statement for which statement about difference-in-differences is most accurate. Competing choices sound plausible, but they miss the key condition.
Q76. How is difference-in-differences best characterized?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Compare changes over time across groups.
Here, Compare changes over time across groups. is the right choice. Requires parallel trends. It aligns directly with what the question asks about how is difference-in-differences best characterized. The remaining choices fail because they don’t satisfy the full definition.
Q77. Which option best describes instrumental variables?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Use IV to estimate causal effect under assumptions.
In this case, Use IV to estimate causal effect under assumptions. is correct. Strong/relevant/exogenous IV needed. It aligns directly with what the question asks about which option best describes instrumental variables. The remaining choices fail because they don’t satisfy the full definition.
Q78. What is the primary purpose of instrumental variables?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Use IV to estimate causal effect under assumptions.
The best option here is Use IV to estimate causal effect under assumptions.. Strong/relevant/exogenous IV needed. It aligns directly with what the question asks about what is the primary purpose of instrumental variables. The remaining choices fail because they don’t satisfy the full definition.
Q79. Which statement about instrumental variables is most accurate?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Use IV to estimate causal effect under assumptions.
For this question, Use IV to estimate causal effect under assumptions. is correct. Strong/relevant/exogenous IV needed. It aligns directly with what the question asks about which statement about instrumental variables is most accurate. The remaining choices fail because they don’t satisfy the full definition.
Q80. How is instrumental variables best characterized?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Use IV to estimate causal effect under assumptions.
Use IV to estimate causal effect under assumptions. is the correct answer here. Strong/relevant/exogenous IV needed. It aligns directly with what the question asks about how is instrumental variables best characterized. The remaining choices fail because they don’t satisfy the full definition.
Q81. Which option best describes synthetic control?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Construct a weighted combination of donors.
Here, Construct a weighted combination of donors. is the right choice. Useful for comparative case studies. This matches the core idea being tested around which option best describes synthetic control. The remaining choices fail because they don’t satisfy the full definition.
Q82. What is the primary purpose of synthetic control?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Construct a weighted combination of donors.
In this case, Construct a weighted combination of donors. is correct. Useful for comparative case studies. This matches the core idea being tested around what is the primary purpose of synthetic control. The remaining choices fail because they don’t satisfy the full definition.
Q83. Which statement about synthetic control is most accurate?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Construct a weighted combination of donors.
The best option here is Construct a weighted combination of donors.. Useful for comparative case studies. This matches the core idea being tested around which statement about synthetic control is most accurate. The remaining choices fail because they don’t satisfy the full definition.
Q84. How is synthetic control best characterized?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Construct a weighted combination of donors.
For this question, Construct a weighted combination of donors. is correct. Useful for comparative case studies. This matches the core idea being tested around how is synthetic control best characterized. The remaining choices fail because they don’t satisfy the full definition.
Predict individual treatment effect (CATE). is the correct answer here. Useful for targeting. This matches the core idea being tested around which option best describes uplift modeling. The remaining choices fail because they don’t satisfy the full definition.
Q86. What is the primary purpose of uplift modeling?
Here, Predict individual treatment effect (CATE). is the right choice. Useful for targeting. That is exactly the concept behind what is the primary purpose of uplift modeling in this context. The remaining choices fail because they don’t satisfy the full definition.
Q87. Which statement about uplift modeling is most accurate?
In this case, Predict individual treatment effect (CATE). is correct. Useful for targeting. That is exactly the concept behind which statement about uplift modeling is most accurate in this context. The remaining choices fail because they don’t satisfy the full definition.
The best option here is Predict individual treatment effect (CATE).. Useful for targeting. That is exactly the concept behind how is uplift modeling best characterized in this context. The remaining choices fail because they don’t satisfy the full definition.
Q89. Which option best describes randomization inference?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Compute p-values via permutations.
For this question, Compute p-values via permutations. is correct. Robust under randomization. That is exactly the concept behind which option best describes randomization inference in this context. The remaining choices fail because they don’t satisfy the full definition.
Q90. What is the primary purpose of randomization inference?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Compute p-values via permutations.
Compute p-values via permutations. is the correct answer here. Robust under randomization. That is exactly the concept behind what is the primary purpose of randomization inference in this context. The remaining choices fail because they don’t satisfy the full definition.
Q91. Which statement about randomization inference is most accurate?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Compute p-values via permutations.
Here, Compute p-values via permutations. is the right choice. Robust under randomization. It fits the requirement in the prompt about which statement about randomization inference is most accurate. The remaining choices fail because they don’t satisfy the full definition.
Q92. How is randomization inference best characterized?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Compute p-values via permutations.
In this case, Compute p-values via permutations. is correct. Robust under randomization. It fits the requirement in the prompt about how is randomization inference best characterized. The remaining choices fail because they don’t satisfy the full definition.
Q93. Which option best describes Hawthorne effect?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Subjects change behavior when observed.
The best option here is Subjects change behavior when observed.. Affects experiment validity. It fits the requirement in the prompt about which option best describes hawthorne effect. The remaining choices fail because they don’t satisfy the full definition.
Q94. What is the primary purpose of Hawthorne effect?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Subjects change behavior when observed.
For this question, Subjects change behavior when observed. is correct. Affects experiment validity. It fits the requirement in the prompt about what is the primary purpose of hawthorne effect. The remaining choices fail because they don’t satisfy the full definition.
Q95. Which statement about Hawthorne effect is most accurate?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Subjects change behavior when observed.
Subjects change behavior when observed. is the correct answer here. Affects experiment validity. It fits the requirement in the prompt about which statement about hawthorne effect is most accurate. The remaining choices fail because they don’t satisfy the full definition.
Q96. How is Hawthorne effect best characterized?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Subjects change behavior when observed.
Here, Subjects change behavior when observed. is the right choice. Affects experiment validity. This is the most accurate statement for how is hawthorne effect best characterized. The remaining choices fail because they don’t satisfy the full definition.
Q97. Which option best describes external validity?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Generalizability beyond the study sample.
In this case, Generalizability beyond the study sample. is correct. Depends on representativeness. This is the most accurate statement for which option best describes external validity. The remaining choices fail because they don’t satisfy the full definition.
Q98. What is the primary purpose of external validity?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Generalizability beyond the study sample.
The best option here is Generalizability beyond the study sample.. Depends on representativeness. This is the most accurate statement for what is the primary purpose of external validity. The remaining choices fail because they don’t satisfy the full definition.
Q99. Which statement about external validity is most accurate?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Generalizability beyond the study sample.
For this question, Generalizability beyond the study sample. is correct. Depends on representativeness. This is the most accurate statement for which statement about external validity is most accurate. The remaining choices fail because they don’t satisfy the full definition.
Q100. How is external validity best characterized?
Select an answer to check.
Answer: Generalizability beyond the study sample.
Generalizability beyond the study sample. is the correct answer here. Depends on representativeness. This is the most accurate statement for how is external validity best characterized. The remaining choices fail because they don’t satisfy the full definition.